10 Fun Facts About Northeastern

Northeastern University is located in the heart of Boston, MA - one of the most popular college towns in the U.S. Apart from its popular college location and vibrant student life, what do you know about Northeastern? If the answer is nothing, you’ll love these 10 fun facts! 1. Northeastern was originally called the Evening Institute of Young Men, and was founded in association with YMCA in 1898. 2. Originally a cross-country team tradition, the Underwear Run is now a college tradition that takes place every Parent’s Weekend. Coincidence? We think not. 3.Northeastern’s Co-op (Cooperative Education) Program attracts many applicants to apply. Not only is it one of the most popular programs, Northeastern was actually one of the first schools to instill such a program in 1909.4. Home to the Northeastern Huskies, Matthews Arena is the oldest hockey arena in the world. 5. Biz Stone, one of Twitter’s co-founder, attended Northeastern to study Arts but dropped out. 6. Even though the Northeastern Huskies have never won the NCAA tournament, they have produced NBA players like Reggie Lewis and J.J. Barea. 7. Shawn Fanning founded Napster at Northeastern and dropped out in 1999. 8.Northeastern’s Cabot Center is an indoor athletic avenue that was rebuilt on the Huntington Avenue Grounds, which was where the first World Series was held. There is a plaque that marks the spot on where the left field foul line used to be. 9. Wendy Williams attended Northeastern University and graduated with a B.A. in Communications in 1986. 10.The Northeastern’s Snell Library has over 1 millions visitors each year. Are you looking to apply toNortheastern? Make sure to search through profiles of students accepted to see essays, stats, and advice. See how they got in, and how you can too!

Thesis on Pr and Advertising Essays

Thesis on Pr and Advertising Essays Thesis on Pr and Advertising Essay Thesis on Pr and Advertising Essay Essay Topic: A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Push Precious Summer Internship Report Development Credit Bank Present and Future Report submitted in partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelors of Business Administration (MS) Submitted to: Mrs. Apeksha Huda Faculty Guide Submitted By: Raghav Mehra BBA(MS) 2008-20011 Roll No. A3914708014 Amity School of Business Amity University Acknowledgement I, Raghav Mehra, owe enormous intellectual debt towards towards my dissertation guide Mrs. Apeksha Huda, Faculty, Amity School of Business, Amity University who has augmented my knowledge in the field of marketing and has given me invaluable insight into the subject. I am obliged to him for being extremely patient and helpful towards me and giving me sufficient time for discussion and guidance at all stages of my work. My increased spectrum of knowledge in this field is the result of his continuous supervision in directing me to absorb relevant and high quality information. I would also like to thank our respected Director Mam, Mrs. Alka Munjal for giving me such an opportunity and platform to accomplish my dissertation report successfully. I would like to thank all those people who helped me in the successful ompletion of my project by giving their precious time in filling my questionnaires without which it would not have been possible to complete my project. Raghav Mehra Contents Banking System in India Executive Summary Introduction About the Project Objective Research Methodology Literature Review 1. Public relation 2. Understanding PR 3. Advertising 4. Advertising- types and how to use it in the 5. present Business Scenario 6. The Objective of an Advertiser’s Right Selection 7. Role of media vehicles in Advertisement 8. The Better Tool of Communication 9. An Analysis PR Vs Advertising 10. The Present scenario 11. The Research 12. Findings, analysis and recommendations 13. Future of advertising Banking System in India Currently, India has 96 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government  holding a stake), 31 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 49,000  ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector banks hold over 75 percent of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18. 2% and 6. 5% respectively In the early 1990s, the then  Narsimha Rao  government embarked on a policy of  liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as  New Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce,  Axis Bank(earlier as  UTI Bank),  ICICI Bank  and  HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the  economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. The next stage for the Indian banking has been set up with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%,at present it has gone up to 74% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in  India  completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%;Lend at 6%;Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail boom in India. People not just demanded more from their banks but also received more. Currently (2007), banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially  retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect MAs, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. Executive Summary Today’s business world has become very competitive. To keep pace in this competitive environment it is very necessary for a marketer to communicate about the company’s offerings to consumers. All the element of promotional mix work to communicate with the audience. Marketers use communications in an attempt to persuade customers to act in a desired manner. Thoughts about the Future of Advertising Skeptics who forecast the demise of advertising ignore the fact that business and other enterprises have an innate need to communicate with their publics. The real question is not will advertising continue to be an important tool of business communication but simply, what forms will advertising take in the future? Certainly a host of issues related to change face the advertising business. Such issues include the relative importance of the various types of advertising over time, who will pay for what, what controls might be appropriate in light of the changing media environment, and so on. While changes and improvements in traditional mass media continue to occur, a massive change is underway which blends the efficiency of traditional mass media and the marketing potential of ones of this blending include, most importantly, the internet, but also personalized supermarket checkout coupons and personal in-flight video screens. Now the issue arise how advertisers can participate in the development of such media to the benefit of all the parties involved. Development Credit Bank A Quick Brief A new generation private sector bank, Development Credit Bank (DCB) is the preferred banking services provider across 80 state-of-the-art branches across 10 states and two union territories. The Bank has recently launched several value added initiatives and intends to become one of the country’s preferred and profitable private sector banks, providing a comprehensive suite of â€Å"best in class† products for customers in Retail, SME and Corporate Banking market segments in chosen geographies. DCB has deep roots in India since its inception in the 1930’s. Its promoter the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) holds over 23% stake. AKFED is an international development agency dedicated to promoting entrepreneurship and building economically sound enterprises in the developing world. It had co-promoted HDFC in India in the late seventies. AKFED operates as a network of affiliates comprising 90 separate project companies. Employing over 30,000 people, it reported annual revenues in excess of US$1. 5 billion. The Fund is active in 16 countries in the developing world. The Past Built on over 78 years of trust, tradition and togetherness, DCB was converted into a Scheduled Commercial Bank on May 31,1995, in the wake of India’s economic liberalisation. It was the only co-operative bank, which successfully crossed over and thrived in the face of change. The Bank has a network of 80 state-of-the-art, customer friendly, and conveniently located branches across the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi/ NCR, Rajasthan, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, West Bengal and the Union Territories of Daman ; Diu and Dadra ; Nagar Haveli. Spreading wings, with the wind beneath Under the table guidance of an experienced Board of Directors and the leadership of a dynamic senior management team DCB strategically aims to enhance its reach and spread, while introducing exciting new banking products for its customers. Seamless, flawless and timely service To adhere to its vision of becoming the gold standard in customer service in Indian banking, intensive training and service quality programmes have been initiated with customer delight becoming the key focus of the Bank. This will become the lifeblood of DCB and act as its key differentiator. Not just a Bank, a Financial Supermarket DCB intends to offer an extensive range of products across its branches. Suitable variants of the basic products like savings and current accounts as well as innovative products such as the ‘DCB Trio’ and ‘Easy Business,’ keep DCB ahead of the pack. Demat Account and a range of investment products like mutual funds, insurance and bonds make the product offering complete. Close to its roots, yet flying high Since its inception, DCB has always taken an active interest in developing low-cost customer deposit products and providing for the needs of small and medium businesses in select regions. It continues to fulfil every consumer need with great enthusiasm. The Bank is also suitably equipped with the latest versions of Finacle from Infosys and Oracle to provide seamless service to its customers. A Bank for its people The pan-India employee teleconferences and introduction of performance-based incentives have already charged the existing work force. Given its reputation for being a non-hierarchical and dynamic organisation, DCB is one of the chosen destinations for aspiring banking professionals. A grip on the future The Bank has an active and robust treasury, managing its interest rate risks nd liquidity by providing an uninterrupted flow of funds, positioning the Bank for future growth. About the Dissertation Objective:- The aim of choosing this bank is â€Å"to provide a guideline to businesses, based on which, they can frame and implement suitable strategies pertaining to the form of Advertising as a part of marketing communication with respect to the continues changi ng business scenario†. The thesis has overall identified the need of Advertising and PR, how is it different from each other and how it is effecting the business of today. We all know that these tools of communication become the bread and butter of any organization. This is because they want to be noticed and known in the business environment. The brief giving how this dissertation aims to find out the true analysis of these two most effective communication tools are: * The research would aim at giving an insight of the importance and need advertising and PR in marketing of products and services with the aim of brand building and recall building initiative. * The research would give an analysis how each of the above affect the present business in Indian scenario and what is its impact on the same. The present status as a tool of marketing communication * The future prospect as a tool of marketing communication * To find out why should a particular company take the strategy of undertaking Advertising or PR as tools of marketing * To examine which is the best tool of marketing among the two. * To find out the perception of advertising from the perspectiv e of customer. Research Methodology Apart from the Secondary data analysis, to give it a back up with the perceptions and suggestions certain methodologies have been undertaken to make this dissertation or thesis a more proactive. The research methodology would be kept very simple. The research would concentrate on both Primary and secondary data research, wherein; the following resources have been followed to collect the data. For primary data collection * Questionnaire design * Personal Interviews For secondary data collection * Articles * White Papers * Management Books * Magazines * Internet A total of 60 respondents were selected Filling up of questionnaire- 55 Personal Interviews- 5 This is a very interesting and hot topic in the business scenario. So the businesses should understand, what were there achievements in satisfying there customer in the Indian market, and accordingly should make strategies for the same. All business wants to market itself and so PR and Advertising have become two of the most suitable methods to build the brand, which would help them to be profitable in the competitive world. Thus, the research and the thesis would provide an analysis from all aspect- be it the need, importance, the current status, satisfying the present to fulfill the future. The perceptions and suggestions would give the reader a thorough understanding and help to take future decisions. The total thesis would be made after proper research and inputs from best of the people in the industry. Suitable examples, references of the persons contacted would be provided. Literature Review Chapter 1 Public Relation Public Relations as a subset of marketing communication is becoming increasingly important in India. Public relations helps an organization and its public to adapt mutually to each other. Often, it is a term used to describe both, a way of looking at an organizations performance and a program of activities. The public relations function takes many forms in different organizations, including public information, investor relations, public affairs, corporate communications, employee relations, marketing or product publicity, and consumer service or customer relations. Basic to all public relations, however, is communicating. Well-planned, effectively handled communications are increasingly seen as essential to the success and even existence of organizations and causes in todays changing world. Every organization-government, business, labor, professional, trade, health, cultural, financial, recreational, educational and public service-depends on people. Their attitudes, attention, understanding, and motivation can be critical to the success or failure of an organization or idea. A public relations, at its best, not only tell an organization’s â€Å"story† to its publics, but also helps in shaping the organization and the way it performs. Through research, measurement and evaluation, public relations professionals determine the concerns and expectations of the organizations publics and explain them to management. A responsible and effective public relations program is based on the understanding and support of its publics. PR is a non-personal form of promotional communication but (in contrast with advertising) is a non-paid form. For example many newspapers and magazines regularly carry news about new launches etc with a view to inform their readers. At random if we pick up the Financial Express of 18. 10. 99. Then on page-7 of the newspaper there are three news items: * Sikkim Dairy Products and Ind. Swiss company had introduced a range of fresh and natural cheese. * Mercedes Benz is offering pre-owned (i. second hand) Mercedes at Rs. 12. 5 lakh onwards: against the new Mere price of Rs. 28 lakh. * Navneet Publications has introduced games for children. Since these items of news, even if they occupy newspapers space, they dont have to be paid for by the marketers. This is what is PR of the respective brands. General Features of PR: * Unpaid: Already explained above. * No identified sponsor: Here the news is supposedly given by the PR firms to the respective media, through which the news get published; and not by the company. To that extent it is more believable. In other words when the main objective of communication is to create conviction then PR through independent media exposure may prove to be better than through advertising. * Credibility: Since the news seems to have come from an independent unbiased source it appears more authentic. For instance, on 7. 4. 2000 Times of India Delhi edition carries a news item discussing the virtues of Compaq 7800, their latest offering. This naturally will be believed more by a potential buyer than an advertisement for the same product. * Additional Reach: This information reaches even those who otherwise may decide to ignore an advertisement. More so because while reading a newspaper one may decide that he has bought it to read news not ads. * No/ low cost: Thus as explained earlier, when a Fashion columnist covers the show organized by say Ritu Beri, she only extends her courtesy of an invitation card and may be a cocktail party post fashion show. * No Control: Greatest demerit is that we cannot control PR. Thus, it could be negative PR whereby the product may be criticized. The newspaper may decide to ignore the particular brand, since it may not find it worth publicizing. Chapter 2 Understanding PR Today business success depends not just on new and better products but equally on being heard in public forums. As the country begins to develop new rules of the economic game, business needs a credible presence – with customers, employees, shareholders, financers, journalists, government officials and law makers. This will provide the cutting edge to competitiveness. Dealing with the scrutiny of various interest groups, being heard in various forums through public affairs communication, is what Public Relations is all about. The main functional area of Public Relations encompasses the following aims: * Understanding and analyzing public opinion, attitudes and issues which might have an impact on the organisation’s plans and operations. * Counseling organisation’s management on policy decisions, courses of action and communication with regard to organisation’s social responsibilities. * Researching, conducting and evaluating on a continuing basis, programs of action and communication to achieve informed public understanding necessary to the success of an organization. * Planning and implementing the rganisation’s effort to influence or change public policy. * Managing the resources needed to perform all above. Media is the all-pervasive means of building perceptions and images. When a PR program is planned, each medium gets its own individual consideration. In-depth study of the present communication strategy in your organization marks the beginning of a committed relationship. Even specific short term projects involve being responsive and proactive to public opinion. Our expertise in the consultancy arena is an added advantage. The Activities of PR The basic Activities concerned are: * Media Relations * Editorial Services Media Update * Image ; Brand Management * Event Management * Communication Workshops * Government Relations ; Lobbying * Crisis Management * Employee Relations ; Consumer Relations * Advertisement Management * Corporate Films * Investor Relations * Public Opinion ; Market Research MEDIA RELATIONS This is the first step towards being known in the media. For this, their media relation team needs to give that extra push in generating newer media contacts on a regular basis. The stronger the relationship with the media, the easier it gets to get you covered in the publications and electronic media. The main activities pertain to: * Create strategies to effectively work with the media. * Build proactive relationships with the media that benefit the clients. * Plan, publicize and provide services for press conferences and media briefings. * Work on an ongoing basis to position your company in a positive light. EDITORIAL SERVICES This is a very specialized service wherein, after understanding the client requirements, seasoned client servicing and copywriting experts develop editorial write-ups to get printed in the various target publications. The main activities pertain to: Create support products, including fact sheets, brochures and other forms of marketing material. * Develop news releases, news advisories and media kits, in journalism form. * Pen guest commentaries and letters to the editor for submittal. * Write speeches and presentations. MEDIA UPDATE An active PR campaign for a client goes waste, if the media is not informed about the right things at the right time. The me dia update service helps its clients to stay in news always. The main activities pertain to: * Insight on what to expect from the media in its news and editorial coverage. Advance warning on what reporters may ask and how they may ask it. * Timely updation of newsworthy information to the target media. GOVERNMENT RELATIONS ; LOBBYING It is very important to know how to communicate with all levels of government, in ways they appreciate and understand. Whether the political participation at an event is to be catered to, have the intention to reach a politician on an issue, or simply need an appropriate political invitation list, we can provide access to the policy makers. The main activities pertain to: Conduct thorough, accurate research to acquire an in-depth picture of the community and its governmental structure, policies and procedures. * Cultivate and nurture an effective network of community support. * Implement grass-roots and governmental strategies. * Assist with the prepara tion of public presentations. CRISIS COMMUNICATION Crisis management begins with an audit of potential problems caused by internal or external forces. From the audit, we would identify loopholes, develop necessary internal communications procedures and train your management through simulated crisis. The main activities pertain to: Development of emergency response and communications plans. * Advance planning. * Creation of media and community contact directories. * Media training prior to an actual crisis situation. * Crisis management plans that deal with the media. * Consultation and real-time strategic planning during a crisis. * Day-by-day analysis of media coverage. EVENT MANAGEMENT Today the work of PR is not only restricted to the realm of getting coverages only. It has further advanced to create, manage and publicize events for clients, from international launch to national seminars, from social events to cultural evenings. Whether its a large-scale public event or an industry conference, a splashy product launch or a celebrity night, the PR firms handles events with flair. Original ideas and flawless execution are the only accepted standards. From venue recommendations to the invitation list, the final result is that the events produce impressive and measurable results. The main activities pertain to: * Conceptualize and deliver events of any magnitude * Co-ordinate all third party negotiations and vendor arrangements * Design of all invitations * Dispatch and follow-ups of all invitations Arrangement for special guests of honor, celebrities, politicians, etc. COMMUNICATION WORKSHOPS It is highly imperative for the corporate spokesperson, who would be the face of the company he represents to speak out something awkward or unwanted in any corporate interview with the media. The PR objective becomes prominent in designating corporate spokesperson getting to interact with a senior media personality in ord er to brush up their skills in handling various media queries with poise an d elan. The main activities pertain to: * Briefings on how to communicate with the media. * Insight into what to expect from the media. Tips on how to prepare for an interview. * Mock interviews so you can practice techniques needed to succeed. * Talking points that turn your ideas into concise, quotable statements. ADVERTISEMENT MANAGEMENT An important element of public relations can be an advertising program that supports other communications strategies, such as media relations. But, one needs to strategize the media plan so that it can complement the editorial support effectively. The main activities pertain to: * Research advertising potential and recommend outlets. * Create a comprehensive advertising program. * Write copy for print advertising. Produce print advertising. PUBLIC OPINION AND MARKETING RESEARCH Public opinion research and marketing research provide essential information for strategic deci sion making. The in-house expertise and necessary capabilities to provide clients with the best and most useful strategic data possible is the main idea. A effective Pr would recommends a ‘Comprehensive Reputation Audit Assessment Systems’ (CRAAS) which helps us understand the market perception of the client’s strengths, weaknesses, challenges and its positioning in the market, in order to formulate a proper media strategy. The main activities pertain to: * Identify perception parameters * Map your company perception vis-a-vis your competitors. * Strategies media communication based on the positive perception results. IMAGE AND BRAND MANAGEMENT In the emerging marketplace, the corporate brand and image is being dramatically redefined. While the corporate brand is now understood to be a valuable asset, many companies are struggling to realize its full potential. The corporate branding practice is dedicated to developing the corporate brand as a potent and sustainable competitive advantage, and maximizing its utility to our clients. The main activities pertain to: * Brand Development, (research, segmentation, analysis, identity development, strategic planning) * Brand Expression (targeting, messaging, program execution) * Measurement / Program refinement. EMPLOYEE RELATIONS CONSUMER RELATIONS In the battle for share of mind and market, your internal audiences are the front lines. No corporation or organization can hope to communicate persuasively and productively with outside audiences unless and until it has gotten the message to its own employees, distributors and other business partners. The main activities pertain to: Advising clients on internal communication best practices * To providing editorial and graphic design for magazines, newsletters and marketing materials * Bolstering morale through poster and exhibit design. * Newsletters * Consumer Surveys * Consumer oriented Events * Tie ups and Associations INVESTOR RELATIONS SERVICES The investor relations services are designed to increase your market valu e and broaden your shareholder base. The effective PR strategies would make the respective company standout among the thousands of investment opportunities battling for each investors rupees. After extensive market research, developing and communicating a compelling investment thesis for owning the companys Stocks and Securities following the guidelines and rules of SEBI. The main activities pertain to: 1. Financial Messaging 2. General Investor Relations 3. Pre-IPO Communications 4. Mergers and Acquisitions The PR spend The Rieses still see a role for advertising, but primarily as a defense mechanism for established brands and products, not as a builder of new ones. Public relations specifically publicity and the resulting word of mouth are what really build new brands, they maintain. Most industry executives might dismiss that as a gross generalization but all agree that PR is an important and growing tool being increasingly used by marketers. However, both suffered for year. PR spending has long paled compared to ad spending, given the lack of media expense and relative lack of production expense involved. A 2001 survey by Thomas L. Harris/Impulse Research found consumer-products companies, for example, spend about 0. 05% of revenue on PR. Thats a tiny fraction of the 2% to 10% of revenues such companies ordinarily spend on overall marketing expense. The survey also found that marketers cut PR budgets as a percent of sales from 0. 09% to 0. 07% last year, a 29% drop. The percentage of client PR budgets earmarked for product publicity, however, actually went up five points to 23%, even though total spending on product publicity actually went down 10% to $518 million. In India the Public Relations industry reached a major milestone last year in December with the launch and formation of Public Relations Consultants Association of India (PRCAI), an umbrella body representing all the professional consultancies in India. The PRCAI, mooted by a group of seven leading public relations firms, is a pioneering body that will represent the over Rs. 1 billion industry, which employs more than 8,000 professionals today. Union Budget 2006-07: Public Relations firms ready for service tax The public relations fraternity has welcomed Finance Minister P Chidambarams proposal in the Union Budget 2006-07, presented in Parliament on February 28, to formally bring PR services under the service tax net. The Finance Minister also proposed to raise the service tax rate from 10 per cent to 12 per cent and widen the indirect tax net to double the collections to Rs. 4,500 crore in 2006-07. During 2005-06, the government is likely to collect Rs 23,000 crore as against the budget estimate of Rs 17,500 crore. Speaking about the repercussions of service tax on the PR industry, Perfect Relations Cherian said, I believe the move will lead to consolidation among the small and non-organised PR firms because they may find it diffic ult to cope with the service tax burden. These small firms will ultimately be acquired by bigger firms. Chapter 3 Customer Relationship Management in context to Public Relation Customer relationship management (CRM)  is a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strategy for managing and nurturing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes- principally  sales activities, but also those for  marketing,  customer service, and  technical support. The overall goals are to find, attract, and win new clients, nurture and retain those the company already has, entice former clients back into the fold, and reduce the costs of marketing and client service. Customer relationship management denotes a company-wide business strategy embracing all client-facing departments and even beyond. When an implementation is effective, people, processes, and technology work in synergy to increase profitability, and reduce operational costs. Chapter 4 The Research A research was conducted for making this thesis a more value addition and to provide a basis to the industry to choose the right mix of communication tool for laying down a more successful business. Based on the questionnaire given below, the research was conducted Research Methodology and Data Sources: The research was started with an Exploratory Research, it included interviews. Exploratory Research seeks to investigate preferences and the impact towards the current business scenario. On the bases of this research various hypothesis was framed and tested on the basis of information collected through a survey. The survey was done on the basis of a questionnaire. The following are the factors have been taken into consideration while seeking out the information for the assessment: Methodology used The data collection tools used was: * Questionnaire Personal Interview The personal interview are based on the question â€Å" Which one do you think is more impactful communication tool and how does it create an impact in the present business scenario? The questionnaire comprising of 12 questions covered all the relevant aspects that were required for the survey among 60 respondents. Demographic Profile| Age group 18 years and aboveGender Male and Fe male| Psychographics profile| All the people who were existing customers of the bank and can give their views on the same to let us know their preference level. Geographic location| Chandni Chowk (Old Delhi) branch of Development Credit Bank| Questionnaire CUSTOMER SERVICE RATING APPEAL TO THE CUSTOMERS Dear Respondent, The objective of this survey is to know the point of views of the costumer about the bank and what do they think and level of satisfaction derived from the bank; this would help us in improving our future services. I would be very grateful to you for filling the questionnaire and being a part of this research PART A QUALITATIVE ASPECTS Sl. No. | Services| Ratings| 1. | Cleanliness, Layout, Access to the entrance,Visibility of Signboards| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 2. | Space available for sitting / waiting / writing| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 3. | Easy availability of loose pay-in-slips,withdrawal slips, DDs / TTs forms ; challans etc. | V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 4. | Availability of services of staff members for any enquiry, problems or Guidelines for various deposit schemes, theirAdvantages| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 5. | General behaviour of the members of staff| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 6. | Availability of services at ComputerisedCounters eg. Knowing the balance, Debit /Credit of instruments etc. and delivery of printed Pass Books / Statements| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 7. | Expert services available in handling ofimport / export business| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 8. | Compliance of standing instructions| V. Good| Good| Average| Poor| 9. | Availability of Complaint Register on demand| Easily availableon Demand| Not available| 10. | Any complaint lodged by you is still to beredressed. If so please put the date of complaintlodged with the branch| None| Not attended (putdate of lodgementof complaint)| B. Quantitative Aspect Sl. No. Staff initiative to minimise waiting hours of the customers at the Counter| | | | 1. | Payment of Cash, Cheques, Demand Drafts| within 15mts. | 15-30mts. | More than30 mts. | 2. | Receipt of Cash in the accounts / purchase ofDDs and in other accounts| within 15mts. | 15-30mts. | More than30 mts. | 3. | Delivery of Demand Drafts / Pay Orders / BankOrders| within 20mts. | 20-30mts. | More than30 mts. | 4. | Delivery of Fixed Deposit Receipts| within 20mts. | 20-30mts. | More than30 mts. | 5. | Updating of Savings / RD Pass Books (Whereentries are not more)| Within15 mts. | 15-30mts. Morethan 30mts. | Morethan 1day| 6. | Issue of Cheque Books in Current / SB a/cs| Within15 mts. | 15-30mts. | Morethan 30mts. | Morethan 1day| 7. | Issue of Statement of Accounts (Manual)| Within 7days| 7-15 days| More than15 days| 8. | Issue of Statements of Acc ounts / Pass Books(on Computers)| Instantly| More than30 mts. | More than1 hour| Findings and Analysis PART A QUALITATIVE ASPECTS Question 1: Cleanliness, Layout, and Access to the entrance, Visibility of Signboards? 69%+25% of people believe on clean layout of the bank Question 2: Space available for sitting / waiting / writing 5%+45% of people believe in space availability of the bank Question 3: Easy availability of loose pay-in-slips, withdrawal slips, DDs / TTs forms ; challans 80% of customer can easily find the required documentations Question 4: Availability of services of staff members for any enquiry, problems or Guidelines for various deposit schemes, their Advantages Question 5: General behavior of the members of staff In both the questions the respondents likes the way they are treated Question 6: Availability of services at Computerized Counters eg. Knowing the balance, Debit /Credit of instruments etc. and delivery of printed Pass Books / Statements The evidences ar e easy to submerge Question 7: Expert services available in handling of import / export business As per requirement customers availing import export services have responded well Question 8: Compliance of standing instructions If possible all complaints are taken on vain Question 9: Availability of Complaint Register on demand Every complain is registered Question 10: Any complaint lodged by you is still to be redressed. If so please put the date of complaint lodged with the branch Every registered complain is solved PART B QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS Question 1: Payment of Cash, Cheques, Demand Drafts Only 2% of bills are not served well Question 2: Receipt of Cash in the accounts / purchase of DDs and in other accounts To maintain the regular cash equity balance Question 3: Delivery of Demand Drafts / Pay Orders / Bank Orders Safe delivery leads safe deposits Question 4: Delivery of Fixed Deposit Receipts With 7. 75% of interest rate on f. ds Question 5: Updating of Savings / RD Pass Books (Where entries are not more) Machines lead to mass and efficient production and services Question 6: Issue of Cheque Books in Current / SB a/cs Question 7: Issue of Cheque Books in Current / SB a/cs Question 8: Issue of Statements of Accounts / Pass Books (on Computers) Desperate times need desperate measures Interviews The personal interview is based on the question â€Å"Which one do you think is more impactful communication tool and how does it create an impact in the present business scenario? † Out of all the interviews, few of the worth mentioning COMMENTS are given as follows. ‘I think D. C. B is more effective since it concentrates on their present customer so well that they can reach a wider mass through word of mouth. If a company want to make itself and its product and services prominent in the market vis a vis its competitors, it should be able to communicate it to the target audience. If you consider this fact that India, is widely a rural country and a huge part of the population is illiterate, you can reach them through attractive and pictorial cum sound based advertisement. Thus, I think the company has a potential to grow and be more effective. ’ Mrs. Gurdeep Kaur Housewife ‘I think today Development Credit bank can do more than just what they are doing. An Advertising can deliver the message to the target audience in a more prominent way that PR. A Company should be in the position to adopt the best communication tool for itself . Although I have seen a couple of advertisements of the bank in the local newspapers but it would be better that the company take a step ahead and work on a better mass media. The present business scenario is very complex, yet interesting. So to keep pace with it as well as the competitiveness, the companies needs to make the right choice’ Ravi Perti Client Servicing, Adcon Services. Comments besides the questionnaire and the inteview Mr. Ashis Nigam: finds the bank to be very good as has recently shifted from H. D. F. C Mr. Bhandari, Medi Slabs: has the best experience in the online banking Mr. Manu Jain: finds staff to be less White Paper On Daily Rituals of the World A recent study by ad agency BBDO Human beings are creatures of habit- the morning coffee with two sugars, the post-lunch brush and floss, the bedtime yoga routine with lights dimmed. Advertisers, on the other hand, often try to break those habits by wedging new products and services into various parts of the day. Now comes ad giant BBDO Worldwide with its latest weapon to help clients get an edge: An extensive global study of daily rituals. Unlike habits or routines, which may be ingrained but carry no emotional meaning, a ritual is described in the study as a defined series of actions that helps us transform from one emotional state to another. Many of those actions involve favorite things, naturally, and BBDOs hope is that the data will help clients insert their products into those rituals. We didnt have categories or brands in mind, says Tracy Lovatt, director of behavioral planning at BBDO North America. We wanted to study the power of rituals in our lives. The study comes at a time when ad agencies are struggling to find new ways to reach customers, and emphasize the value of their work to clients. This is another example of how the richest source of insight comes from observing behavior, says BBDO President and Chief Executive Andrew Robertson. Making Meaning But rituals are something many associate with rites of passage- marriage, death, even the transition to a new season. BBDO, in contrast, came up with five t hat occur every day in every part of the world: * preparing for battle (the morning ritual), * feasting (reconnecting with your tribe over food), * sexing up (primping), returning to camp (leaving the work place), and * Protecting yourself for the future (the ritual before bed). As part of the study, researchers asked more than 5,000 people in 21 countries how they behave during these five transitional periods of the day. While people in every culture report engaging in rituals for similar reasons, they approach them quite differently. About 41% of Chinese respondents said they schedule sex, for example, while only 3% of Russians do- and 7% of Americans. Nightly Lockdown Fully 44% of Brazilians read in the bathroom, according to the study; in Saudi Arabia, 10% of respondents do. More than half of all Indian respondents surf the Web before leaving the house, while less than one-third of Americans or Canadians do. About 80% of Saudi Arabians pray or meditate before work; in Germany, 3% of respondents do. The rituals that are easiest to understand occur in the morning and evening. Marketers have long appreciated the value of getting a foothold in the tightly scheduled morning ritual, when people tend to stick with a routine and a particular set of products. BBDO participants reported doing an average of seven activities in under an hour, from brushing their teeth and drinking coffee to checking -mail (participants between the ages of 60 and 70 reported the highest rate of e-mail use). BBDO dubbed the period before bed protecting yourself for the future. Thats because the survey found people in self-preservation mode, as they went about locking windows and doors, applying wrinkle cream, and selecting clothes or armor for the next day. Its a brief period, but al so the perfect time to find customers at their most vulnerable. As BBDOs Robertson, a former insurance salesman, puts it: If there was some way to be in the home as people are going through lockdown, you could probably sell a lot of insurance. Broad Categories When it comes to rituals in the middle of the day, the surveys results are less conclusive. That might have to do with the categories BBDO settled on. Feasting, for example, is described as pleasurable and indulgent†¦the ritual that reunites us with our tribes. But the frequency with which people feast vs. simply eating something to stave off hunger isnt clear, and anyone who has organized a midweek meal with busy kids knows that indulgent may not be the best way to characterize the mood. Everyone, too, understands the elaborate preparations that go into sexing up. But the category is a catch-all for everything from teenage girls e-mailing each other to find out what theyre going to wear. Returning to camp, meanwhile, ca n mean anything from sharing martinis with friends to staring zombie-like at the TV with a bag of chips in hand. Watching TV also creeps into both the morning and evening rituals, as do other habits- this perhaps means the same activity serves different purposes at different hours of the day. Even so, marketers may find BBDOs results help them tailor their approach to consumers. For instance, cultures in which a high proportion of people eat on their way to work, such as China, could be more open to portable breakfast food than those that dont, such as Spain. While everybody showers or bathes, a shower gel aimed at Polish consumers might emphasize relaxing qualities, as 84% of them shower at night. A more invigorating message might work better with the 92% of Mexicans who shower or bathe in the morning. Knowing that women in Colombia, Brazil, and Japan apply makeup in their car at twice the global rate could prompt a new approach to the design and marketing of cosmetics. Breaking the Code The challenge is that most consumers are loyal to particular products and patterns, making it tough for marketers to become part of a ritual if another brand is already there. Americans, in particular, said they use the same products every morning, though theyre more flexible about what they use at night. Russians are less predictable- only half of them use the same products as part of their morning ritual, and 19% of them use the same products before going to bed. If theres one constant around the world, its this: Almost everyone gets irritated when their rituals are disrupted. How will clients see the work? BBDO has presented the findings to several so far, and some were willing to share a few comments with Business Week. YUM! Brands Chairman and CEO David Novak, who calls his company maniacal about insight-driven marketing, says the study will provide a fresh, new lens to uncover those insights that lead to positive and lasting changes in consumer behavior. Pepsi-Cola North America Chief Marketing Officer Cie Nicholson called the study intriguing, because we can learn how to build our brands share of life, not just share of market. For Scott Aakre, a vice-president at Hormel Foods (HRL), the Holy Grail is to find a way to break the code and fit into one of these five universal routines sowe might be able to build lifelong relationships between our brands and consumers. Thats a tough challenge. HERE AT DEVELOPMENT CREDIT BANK WE BELIEVE.

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budgeting - Essay Example (Klammer, 1999) A financial reporting system should have several components including assets, which refer to resource primarily controlled by an enterprise. Assets are ownership of a company and should be well recorded in the financial statements to be clearly reflected. Liabilities should also be clearly recorded and equity as well included in the financial statements. Equity is residual interest in assets after all liabilities have been taken care of and is also called owner’s equity. Operating budget versus activity based budget An operating budget refers to a yearly budget presented in terms of cost accounts, functional categories and budget classification code among others. It consists of estimates of total value of resources needed in operation. It is used to track operations in maintenance, wages as well as dividend payments among others. An activity based budget is one in which activities happening in a specific organisation are recorded and costs associated to them ar e recorded as well. (Cokins, 2006) This is followed by act of associating these costs with a company’s goals and hence from this, an activity based budget is developed. ... Though goals are set, both budgets have little or no control at all on whether or not the goals will be achieved. Both activity based budget and operating budget engage all stakeholders hence success or failure is attributed to all. Activity based budgeting and operating budget display some differences. Activity based budget is majorly based operating activities and costs as opposed to operating budget which is based on budget classification codes and cost accounts. Operating budget keeps track of maintenance operations, salaries and wages, and interest payments. Activity based budget on the contrary mainly focuses on a company’s goals and how much has been achieved. (Proctor, 2009) Management of ICBI should adapt activity based budget. It is not hard to come up with and it is rather cheap since it avoids a bloated budget by making sure that relevant activities are recorded and costs associated to them. ICBI management should be sure of goals of the company, activities and res ources required to run these activities. These activities should be recorded and tied with codes. Having recorded all activities required for performance, every cost code should then be associated with costs relevant to them and with special attention to goals of ICBI. Budget guidelines for ICBI There has to be a plan before any budget is made and this plan has some guidelines to help develop it. A budget cannot be made by one mind but requires to have a group of individuals that will work together to help develop a comprehensive budget. It should be prepared within the generally accepted principles and procedures of accounting. A budget should incorporate

Disability and rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disability and rehabilitation - Essay Example The primary parts of the research presented are the title and the abstract. These parts need to present a view on the main contents of the research undertaken. The title specifically is the part that can identify the main focus of the study and even the methods used to arrive at the results which are stated in a single statement. The title of the study presents the parameters that are included such as the quality of life and the oxygen consumption of the CHF patients. These are used for the determination of the effect of physical training. Additional information specifically the method of research used e.g. randomization is important in the title. Another pertinent part that needs to give and overview of the research process undertaken is the abstract. It is comparable to a summary of the study presented in a manner similar to the organization of the paper itself. The indication of the parts in a structured abstract can be considered ideal on the basis of the readers’ ease in finding information.The main aim is the assessment of the QoL and oxygen consumption to be able to gauge the effects of physical training to patients of CHF. The said parameters had been assessed through the study of a population of men with the condition referred to as ischaemic CHF which had been randomized into groups of different set ups with varying levels of physical training.

Cirque Du Soleil Essay Example for Free

Cirque Du Soleil Essay Cirque du Soleil began in Quebec with two street performers (Guy Lalibert and Daniel Gauthier) back in 1982 and called their small group of young street performers ‘The High Heels club’ and decided to put on a small festival for the audience. By 1984 Cirque du Soleil was born, the name meaning ‘Circus of the sun’ in French. The main philosophy or aim of Cirque du Soleil is creativity and innovation of the circus to redefine the entertainment landscape, and thrill audiences around the world. Since its inception, Cirque du Soleil has created a lot of shows with incredibly different themes and issues. The most popular of these shows are: Saltimbanco- explores the urban experience in all its myriad forms, Alegria-explores power and the handing down of power over time, the evolution from ancient monarchies to modern democracies, old age, youth. Quidam-it could be anyone, anybody. Someone coming, going, living in our anonymous society. A member of the crowd, one of the silent majority. Dralion- Dralion derives much of its inspiration from Eastern philosophy with its perpetual quest for harmony between humankind and nature. Varekai- production pays tribute to the nomadic soul, to the spirit and art of the circus tradition, and to the infinite passion of those whose quest takes them along the path that leads to Varekai. Cirque du Soleil captures many dramatic forms including acts from contortionists, jugglers, feats of strength, clowning, dance, mime, light climates, puppeteers, stage maneuvers, comedy, interaction with public, acrobats and trapeze artists. An example of your typical act, is a man in a mouse wheel, being spun around in 360Â ° circles, doing tricks that amaze the audience because of the manipulation of gravity. Also, Cirque du Soleil does not make use of any such animals. Traditionally, Cirque du Soleil shows do not use pre-recorded music, with exceptions; all music is played live and in many circumstances sung live by singers with magnificent voices. The costumes used in the show are always very elaborate, or if flexibility is needed the costumes can be plain but are usually colourful and creative, matching the theme of the show. The sets for the shows are typically amazing again always matching the culture being performed on stage. Cirque Du Soleil has a vast range of characters in the huge number of performances and the company itself has over 4000 employees and 1000 artists. Characters in the performance are always bright, colourful and extremely skillful and always are doing amazing tricks that depict the theme of the show or that can lighten and entertain the audience. As the performance goes on most of the time you enter the life of some of the characters as they tell their life story (normally the host) and interact more and more with the audience.

gay literature :: essays research papers

While sexual difference may not exist between lesbians all other forms of difference do. These include differences of identity: race, class origins, employment status, age, religion, physical abilities - and while we may struggle against these differences within our individual ‘spaces’ they have a material and institutional reality that cannot be wished away What, to you, seems important about the terms gay and lesbian in literature? In the face of a homophobic society we need creative and critical processes that draw out the complexity of lesbian lives and same sex choices, not a retreat into the comforting myths of heroines and unfractured, impeachable identities This quote addresses directly the primary difficulty of the issue. The terms gay and lesbian are useful in literature in that they allow a group of people who have been marginalised and even persecuted to become visible. They enable a way of life and a set of identities, harmonious or conflicting, to be presented, to be questioned, to be understood and accepted. As categories they create ‘space’ in which there may develop a more evolved understanding of texts and they also create a genre within which many lesbian and gay writers are comfortable with being placed. A gendered reading of a text can reveal undercurrents and depths which might otherwise not be apparent. These categories also make ‘space’ for the author within the text which leads to a closer tie between the author and the reader in the reading process. However the danger which this sort of terminology presents is that of homogenising ways both of reading and writing a text. In creating a category one is always not only creating an inclusive zone but in doing so also excluding certain elements. The risk is run of stultifying the creative process through the exclusion by a minority group of the minority groups within. As Bonnie Zimmerman writes in her essay ‘Lesbians like this and that’ By positing the lesbian as ‘excess’ in the patriarchal system we may fail to note the identities that function as ‘excess’ within our own newly created lesbian community. There is a risk of adopting a separatist approach, of placing the categories of gay and lesbian literature outside the mainstream and creating a gay canon but in doing so retaining the underlying values of that ‘patriarchal system.’ How does one avoid replicating the masculinist cultural error of taking the dominant for the universal

Jose Rizal

Definition of Measurement Measurement  is the process or the result of determining the  ratio  of a  physical quantity, such as a length, time, temperature etc. , to a unit of measurement, such as the meter, second or degree Celsius. The science of measurement is called  metrology. The English word  measurement  originates from the  Latin  mensura  and the verb  metiri  through the  Middle French  mesure. Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Measurement Measurement Quantities *Basic FundamentalQuantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol/s| SI unit name| SI unit symbol| Dimension symbol| Length, width, height, depth| a, b, c, d, h, l, r, s, w, x, y, z| metre| m| [L]| Time| t| second| s| [T]| Mass| m| kilogram| kg| [M]| Temperature| T, ? | kelvin| K| [? ]| Amount of  substance, number of moles| n| mole| mol| [N]| Electric current| i, I| ampere| A| [I]| Luminous intensity| Iv| candela| Cd| [J]| Plane angle| ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? | radian| rad| dimensionl ess| Solid angle| ? , ? | steradian| sr| dimensionless| Derived Quantities Space Common) Quantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol| SI unit| Dimension| (Spatial)  position (vector)| r,  R,  a,  d| m| [L]| Angular position, angle of rotation (can be treated as vector or scalar)| ? ,  ? | rad| dimensionless| Area, cross-section| A, S, ? | m2| [L]2| Vector area  (Magnitude of surface area, directed normal totangential  plane of surface)| | m2| [L]2| Volume| ? , V| m3| [L]3| Quantity| Typical symbols| Definition| Meaning, usage| Dimension| Quantity| q| q| Amount of a property| [q]| Rate of change of quantity,  Time derivative| | | Rate of change of property with respect to time| [q] [T]? 1| Quantity spatial density| ? volume density (n  = 3),  ? = surface density (n  = 2),  ? = linear density (n  = 1)No common symbol for  n-space density, here  ? n  is used. | | Amount of property per unit n-space(length, area, volume or higher dimensions)| [q][L]-n| Spec ific quantity| qm| | Amount of property per unit mass| [q][L]-n| Molar quantity| qn| | Amount of property per mole of substance| [q][L]-n| Quantity gradient (if  q  is a  scalar field. | | | Rate of change of property with respect to position| [q] [L]? 1| Spectral quantity (for EM waves)| qv, q? , q? | Two definitions are used, for frequency and wavelength: | Amount of property per unit wavelength or frequency. [q][L]? 1  (q? )[q][T] (q? )| Flux, flow (synonymous)| ? F,  F| Two definitions are used;Transport mechanics,  nuclear physics/particle physics: Vector field: | Flow of a property though a cross-section/surface boundary. | [q] [T]? 1  [L]? 2, [F] [L]2| Flux density| F| | Flow of a property though a cross-section/surface boundary per unit cross-section/surface area| [F]| Current| i, I| | Rate of flow of property through a crosssection/ surface boundary| [q] [T]? 1| Current density (sometimes called flux density in transport mechanics)| j, J| | Rate of flow of pro perty per unit cross-section/surface area| [q] [T]? 1  [L]? | Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical_quantity#General_derived_quantities http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical_quantity#Base_quantities System of Units Unit name| Unit symbol| Quantity| Definition (Incomplete)| Dimension symbol| metre| m| length| * Original  (1793):  1? 10000000  of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the EquatorFG * Current  (1983): The distance travelled by light in vacuum in  1? 299792458  of a second| L| kilogram[note 1]| kg| mass| * Original  (1793): The  grave  was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point.FG * Current  (1889): The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram| M| second| s| time| * Original  (Medieval):  1? 86400  of a day * Current  (1967): The duration of  9 192 631 770  periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom| T| ampere| A| electric current| * Original  (1881): A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. [The [CGS] emu unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1  cm long of a circle 1  cm in radius creates a field of one oersted at the centre. 37]]. IEC * Current  (1946): The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1  m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7  newton per metre of length| I| kelvin| K| thermodynamic temperature| * Original  (1743): The  centigrade scale  is obtained by assigning 0 ° to the freezing point of water and 100 ° to the boiling point of water. * Current  (1967): The fraction 1/273. 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water| ? mole| mol| amount of substance| * Original  (1900): The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams. ICAW * Current  (1967): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0. 012 kilogram of carbon 12. [note 2]| N| candela| cd| luminous intensity| * Original  (1946):The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre * Current  (1979): The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540  ? 012  hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. | J| Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International_System_of_Units Scientific Notation Scientific notation  (more commonly known as  standard form) is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. Scientific notation has a number of useful properties and is commonly used in calculators and by scie ntists, mathematicians and engineers.In scientific notation all numbers are written in the form of (a  times ten raised to the power of  b), where the  exponent  b  is an  integer, and the  coefficient  a  is any  real number  (however, see  normalized notation  below), called the  significand  or  mantissa. The term â€Å"mantissa† may cause confusion, however, because it can also refer to the  fractional  part of the common  logarithm. If the number is negative then a minus sign precedes  a  (as in ordinary decimal notation). ————————————————-Converting numbers Converting a number in these cases means to either convert the number into scientific notation form, convert it back into decimal form or to change the exponent part of the equation. None of these alter the actual number, only how it's expressed. Decimal to scientif ic First, move the decimal separator point the required amount,  n, to make the number's value within a desired range, between 1 and 10 for normalized notation. If the decimal was moved to the left, append  x  10n; to the right,  x  10-n.To represent the number 1,230,400 in normalized scientific notation, the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to the left and  x  106  appended, resulting in1. 2304? 106. The number -0. 004  0321 would have its decimal separator shifted 3 digits to the right instead of the left and yield  ? 4. 0321? 10? 3  as a result. Scientific to decimal Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation, first remove the  x 10n  on the end, then shift the decimal separator  n  digits to the right (positive  n) or left (negative  n). The number1. 2304? 06  would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 1 230 400, while  ? 4. 0321? 10? 3  would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to the left and be-0. 0040321. Exponential Conversion between different scientific notation representations of the same number with different exponential values is achieved by performing opposite operations of multiplication or division by a power of ten on the significand and an subtraction or addition of one on the exponent part. The decimal separator in the significand is shifted  x  places to the left (or right) and 1x  is added to (subtracted from) the exponent, as shown below. . 234? 103  =  12. 34? 102  =  123. 4? 101  = 1234 Significant Figures The  significant figures  (also known as  significant digits, and often shortened to  sig figs) of a number are those  digits  that carry meaning contributing to its  precision. This includes all digitsexcept: * leading  and  trailing zeros  which are merely placeholders to indicate the scale of the number. * spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations carried out to greater prec ision than that of the original data, or measurements reported to a greater precision than the equipment supports.Inaccuracy of a measuring device does not affect the number of significant figures in a measurement made using that device, although it does affect the accuracy. A measurement made using a plastic ruler that has been left out in the sun or a beaker that unbeknownst to the technician has a few glass beads at the bottom has the same number of significant figures as a significantly different measurement of the same physical object made using an unaltered ruler or beaker. The number of significant figures reflects the device's precision, but not its  accuracy.The basic concept of significant figures is often used in connection with  rounding. Rounding to significant figures is a more general-purpose technique than rounding to  n  decimal places, since it handles numbers of different scales in a uniform way. For example, the population of a city might only be known to the nearest thousand and be stated as 52,000, while the population of a country might only be known to the nearest million and be stated as 52,000,000. The former might be in error by hundreds, and the latter might be in error by hundreds of thousands, but both have two significant figures (5 and 2).This reflects the fact that the significance of the error (its likely size relative to the size of the quantity being measured) is the same in both cases. Computer representations of  floating point numbers  typically use a form of rounding to significant figures, but with  binary numbers. The number of correct significant figures is closely related to the notion of  relative error  (which has the advantage of being a more accurate measure of precision, and is independent of the radix of the number system used).The term â€Å"significant figures† can also refer to a crude form of error representation based around significant-digit rounding; for this use, see  signific ance arithmetic. The rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:   * All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example, 91 has two significant figures (9 and 1), while 123. 45 has five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). * Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant. Example: 101. 12 has five significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1 and 2. Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0. 00052 has two significant figures: 5 and 2. * Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. For example, 12. 2300 has six significant figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0. 000122300 still has only six significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In addition, 120. 00 has five significant figures since it has three trailing zeros. This convention clarifies the precision of such numbers; for example, if a measurement precise to four decimal places (0. 001) is given as 12. 23 then it might be understood that only two decimal places of precision are available. Stating the result as 12. 2300 makes clear that it is precise to four decimal places (in this case, six significant figures). * The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing a decimal point can be ambiguous. For example, it may not always be clear if a number like 1300 is precise to the nearest unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty.Various conventions exist to address this issue: * A  bar  may be placed over the last significant figure; any trailing zeros following this are insignificant. For example, 1300 has three significant figures (and hence indicates that the number is precise to the nearest ten). * The last significant figure of a number may be underlined; for example, â€Å"2000† has two significant figures. * A decimal point may be placed afte r the number; for example â€Å"100. † indicates specifically that three significant figures are meant. * In the combination of a number and a  unit of measurement  the ambiguity can be voided by choosing a suitable  unit prefix. For example, the number of significant figures in a mass specified as 1300  g is ambiguous, while in a mass of 13  h? g or 1. 3  kg it is not. Rounding Off Numbers Rounding  a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation; for example, replacing ? 23. 4476 with ? 23. 45, or the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression v2 with 1. 414. Rounding is often done on purpose to obtain a value that is easier to write and handle than the original.It may be done also to indicate the accuracy of a computed number; for example, a quantity that was computed as 123,456 but is known to be accurate only to within a few hundred units is better stated as â₠¬Å"about 123,500. † On the other hand, rounding introduces some  round-off error  in the result. Rounding is almost unavoidable in many computations — especially when dividing two numbers in  integer  or  fixed-point arithmetic; when computing mathematical functions such as  square roots,  logarithms, and  sines; or when using a  floating point  representation with a fixed number of significant digits.In a sequence of calculations, these rounding errors generally accumulate, and in certain  ill-conditioned  cases they may make the result meaningless. Accurate rounding of  transcendental mathematical functions  is difficult because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem is known as â€Å"the table-maker's dilemma†. Rounding has many similarities to the  quantization  that occurs when  physical quantities  must be encoded by numbers orà ‚  digital signals. Typical rounding problems are pproximating an irrational number by a fraction, e. g. ,  ? by 22/7; approximating a fraction with periodic decimal expansion by a finite decimal fraction, e. g. , 5/3 by 1. 6667; replacing a  rational number  by a fraction with smaller numerator and denominator, e. g. , 3122/9417 by 1/3; replacing a fractional  decimal number  by one with fewer digits, e. g. , 2. 1784 dollars by 2. 18 dollars; replacing a decimal  integer  by an integer with more trailing zeros, e. g. , 23,217 people by 23,200 people; or, in general, replacing a value by a multiple of a specified amount, e. . , 27. 2 seconds by 30 seconds (a multiple of 15). Conversion of Units Process The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose. This may be governed by regulation,  contract,  Technical specifications  or other published  standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors as: * The  precision and accuracy  of measurement and the associated  uncertainty of measurement * The statistical  confidence interval  or  tolerance interval  of the initial measurement * The number of  significant figures  of the measurement The intended use of the measurement including the  engineering tolerances Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the first measurement. This is sometimes called  soft conversion. It does not involve changing the physical configuration of the item being measured. By contrast, a  hard conversion  or an  adaptive conversion  may not be exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the item.Nominal values  are sometimes allowed and used. Multiplication factors Conversion between units in the  metric system  can be discerned by their  prefixes  (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000  grams, 1 milligram = 0. 001  grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 10? 6  metre). Table ordering Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the  SI  units (base or derived) are highlighted. ————————————————- Tables of conversion factorsThis article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of physical quantities, which are listed in the index. For each physical quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit. Legend| Symbol| Definition| ?| exactly equal to| ?| approximately equal to| digits| indicates that  digits  repeat infinitely (e. g. 8. 294369  corresponds to  8. 29 4369369369369†¦)| (H)| of chiefly historical interest| ASSIGNMENT IN PHYSICS I-LEC Submitted by: Balagtas, Glen Paulo R. BS Marine Transportation-I Submitted to: Mrs. Elizabeth Gabriel Professor in Physics-Lec Jose Rizal Write a reflection paper tracing the development of Rizal as a reformist who began to work for changes in his country using: a) one (1) work from Rizal As A Reformist b) the Noli Me Tangere Show also the significance of these works on Filipino society today and how it can change today’s trends. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Dr. Jose P. Rizal (keyword: love of country) Rizal’s Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa was written in 1882 when Rizal was 21 years old.Rizal was away in Spain for only a month, which may have inspired him to write this literature because he misses his homeland. This work of Rizal is a very significant work of Rizal as a reformist because it expresses his dear love for his native land. As he wrote this literature and felt his love for his country, he builds the foundation of him being a reformist because of the drive to fight for change. Through Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Rizal realizes how much he loves his country and that it has fallen into the wrong gov ernance and that this needs to be changed.Through the lines â€Å"Maging anuman nga ang kalagayan natin, ay nararapat nating mahalin siya at walang ibang bagay na dapat naisin tayo kundi ang kagalingan niya (referring to Philippines)† Rizal explicitly reveals his love for the country and expresses the importance to love and work for the betterment of our homeland. It can also be seen in these lines that even if he is out of the country studying, he will do his part as a Filipino to fight for the rights of every Filipino.Today, this work of Rizal may serve as a reminder for all the people in this country that being a Filipino calls for a duty to serve our native land and fellow citizens. If though Rizal’s work, Filipinos realize their duty as a citizen and love for their country, the Philippines would be a better place to live in and it would be easy to manipulate the society towards a progressive nation. Noli Me Tangere by Dr. Jose P. Rizal Rizal’s well-known no vel entitled Noli Me Tangere is one of his works that clearly expresses Rizal as a reformist.Rizal finished his first novel when he was at the age of 26 years old. The hero was penniless, good thanks to his friend Maximo Viola who supported him and shouldered the publication of this novel, the reason why we have a copy in our hands. In this novel, Rizal conveys his belief that education is very important and is an effective tool for reform in the country. Rizal was very brave to depict the issues in the Philippines such as corruption and oppression through the characters and storyline in his novel.The Noli Me Tangere was a very expressive move of Rizal to start the campaign for liberal reform for the country. In this book, Rizal shares his personal experiences at the harsh hands of the Spaniards, as well as experiences shared by his loved ones. Rizal’s brave soul to publish a novel containing these experiences and lessons, encourages Filipinos to be continuous is learning as he did. It again, boils down to his belief that education will strengthen one’s principles in life and even open your world to the experiences of other people.Until today, Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo serve as an inspiration for writers to express through literature any present issues in the society. It also evokes the idea of liberalism in such a way that Filipinos has become open-minded to innovations and beliefs that will benefit the country. Most importantly, education is very well valued, as tool needed by every individual to help progress the country.